The Damages of High CO₂ Levels in the Workplace

Indoor air quality is a critical factor in maintaining a productive, healthy, and safe work environment. While much attention is given to visible workplace hazards, one often overlooked issue is the impact of elevated carbon dioxide (CO₂) levels. High CO₂ concentrations in the workplace can have far-reaching effects on employees’ health, productivity, and overall well-being, making it a concern that employers and facility managers cannot afford to ignore.

Understanding CO₂ Levels in Indoor Spaces

Carbon dioxide is a naturally occurring gas produced by human respiration and various industrial processes. In outdoor environments, CO₂ levels are typically around 400–500 parts per million (ppm). However, in enclosed indoor spaces with poor ventilation, these levels can rise significantly, especially in workplaces with many occupants or limited airflow.

Safe CO₂ levels in the workplace should ideally remain below 1,000 ppm, as per guidelines from organisations such as the Australian Institute of Occupational Hygienists (AIOH) and Standards Australia. When CO₂ levels exceed this threshold, the air becomes stale, and the potential for adverse effects increases.

How High CO₂ Levels Affect Employees

Impaired Cognitive Function

One of the most immediate and concerning impacts of elevated CO₂ levels is the effect on cognitive performance. Studies have shown that when CO₂ levels reach 1,200–1,500 ppm, employees may experience difficulty concentrating, slower decision-making, and reduced problem-solving abilities. Higher levels, such as those exceeding 2,000 ppm, can lead to significant mental fatigue and reduced productivity.

In workplaces that rely on quick thinking and critical decision-making—such as offices, control rooms, and emergency response centres—this decline in cognitive function can have serious consequences.

Fatigue and Drowsiness

High CO₂ levels can cause employees to feel unusually tired or lethargic, even if they have had adequate rest. This occurs because elevated CO₂ reduces oxygen exchange in the bloodstream, leading to decreased energy levels. In physically demanding roles or jobs requiring sustained focus, such fatigue can increase the risk of errors and accidents.

Health Problems

Prolonged exposure to high CO₂ concentrations can lead to a range of health issues, including:

• Headaches: A common symptom of CO₂ buildup, headaches can reduce employee comfort and productivity.

• Nausea and Dizziness: Symptoms can worsen with prolonged exposure, potentially leading to serious health risks.

• Respiratory Issues: High CO₂ levels may exacerbate pre-existing respiratory conditions, such as asthma or bronchitis.

These health effects not only harm employees’ well-being but also contribute to increased absenteeism, affecting overall workplace efficiency.

The Cost of High CO₂ Levels for Businesses

Reduced Productivity

When employees struggle with cognitive impairment and fatigue, their productivity naturally declines. Mistakes become more frequent, collaboration suffers, and tasks take longer to complete. For businesses, this can translate to lost revenue and missed opportunities.

Increased Absenteeism

Health problems caused by prolonged exposure to high CO₂ levels can lead to more sick days and higher healthcare costs. Chronic issues stemming from poor indoor air quality can also contribute to employee turnover, increasing recruitment and training expenses.

Workplace Safety Risks

In environments such as manufacturing plants, laboratories, or warehouses, impaired concentration and fatigue can result in accidents, jeopardising employee safety and potentially leading to costly liability issues.

Causes of High CO₂ Levels in Workplaces

Poor Ventilation

Inadequate ventilation is the primary cause of elevated CO₂ levels in workplaces. Many buildings, especially older ones, lack modern HVAC systems capable of maintaining sufficient airflow.

Overcrowding

Workspaces with a high density of employees generate more CO₂, particularly in meeting rooms, conference halls, or open-plan offices. Without adequate ventilation, levels can rise quickly.

Energy Efficiency Measures

While energy-efficient buildings are designed to reduce energy consumption, they often achieve this by sealing off airflow. This can inadvertently trap CO₂ and other pollutants inside.

Strategies for Reducing CO₂ Levels

Improve Ventilation

Ensure that HVAC systems are functioning optimally and are designed to provide adequate ventilation for the number of occupants. Regular maintenance of filters and ducts can also improve airflow.

Monitor Indoor Air Quality

Using CO₂ monitors can help identify problem areas and ensure levels remain within safe limits. Real-time monitoring systems can alert facility managers to rising CO₂ levels, enabling prompt action.

Introduce Plants

Indoor plants can help absorb CO₂ and release oxygen, improving air quality. While plants alone cannot solve high CO₂ levels in poorly ventilated spaces, they can complement other strategies.

Encourage Breaks

Encourage employees to take regular breaks in outdoor areas to ensure they have access to fresh air. This can alleviate the immediate effects of elevated CO₂ levels.

Design Smarter Workspaces

Optimise workspace layouts to reduce overcrowding and ensure good airflow. Investing in modern building designs or retrofitting existing structures with air circulation systems can have long-term benefits.

The Role of Employers and Facility Managers

Employers and facility managers have a duty of care to provide a safe and healthy work environment. High CO₂ levels not only harm employees’ health and productivity but also damage the bottom line. By recognising the risks and taking proactive measures, businesses can create workspaces that foster well-being and efficiency.

Investing in air quality monitoring systems, upgrading ventilation infrastructure, and fostering awareness among employees are steps that can lead to significant improvements. The benefits are clear: healthier employees, higher productivity, and a safer workplace.

Conclusion

High CO₂ levels in the workplace are an often-overlooked hazard with wide-ranging consequences. From impaired cognitive function to increased health risks, the damages of elevated CO₂ concentrations cannot be ignored. By understanding the causes, recognising the effects, and implementing effective solutions, businesses can protect their workforce and their operations. In the modern workplace, where well-being and productivity are closely linked, addressing indoor air quality is not just an option—it’s a necessity.